PENUTIAN
(PENEUT) LANGUAGES
The name
of the language family was composed from dual meaning words by Dixon and Kroeber
in 1903. Maidu: Pen, (Pene), Yokutsan: Ponoi, (Puno)=Pen, Miwok: Oti-ko,
(Otta),Uti-n (Uti-s) =Uti.They argued for the contraction of the five
Californian language families – the Wintuan,Maiduan, Yokutsan, Miwokan, and the
Costanoan, because they have got common typological features.The common name of
the language families is Pen-uti-an, Penutian languages.There are two parts:
A) Utian (Uti, Yokutian): Miwokan-Costanoan and the Yokutsan
families
B) Pen:Maiduan and the Wintuan families
B) Pen:Maiduan and the Wintuan families
The Penutian
language family which was composed by Dixon and Kroeber is one of thet three
biggest linguistic units in the chategorization of the Californian Indian
languages.
Extension:
Edward Sapir in
1909:
A) Kalifornian group
B) Oregon Penutian (Plateau Penutian)
C) Mexican Penutian
a) Mixe-Zoque
b) Huave
c) Xinca-Lenca?
d) Chipaya-Maya-Araukan
Edward Sapir in
1920: He has rated the Plateau (Klamath-Modoc, Sahaptin, Molala-Cayuse),
Tekelman of Oregon,Chinook and the Tsimisian groups to the Californian Penutian
group.
Mason in 1940:
A) Penutian
B) Mayan-Mixe-Zoque-Huave-Totonacan
Jonhson 1940:
Penutian and Xinca-Lenca
Benjamin Whorf:
Macro-Penutian stock:
A)
Penutian
B) Macro-Maya
C) Mochica-
Chipacan-Mapuche
Trager and
Harbens in 1958: Macro-Penutia version:
A) Penutian
B) Sahaptin
C) Azteco-Tanoan?
D) Tunican ?
E) Mayan
F) Totonacan
The Californian
Penutian name has been being used for only the Californian Penutian group since
the middle of the 1960s. The Penutian expression has been being used for the
bigger,whole language family .
Voegelin in
1977: Penutian + Maya + Araukan
Schurr in 1990:
Penutian + Maya
Torroni in 1992:
Penutian + Maya
UTIAN
(MIWOKAN-CONSTANOAN, YOK-UTIAN) FAMILY
In the work of
Catherine Callagham (1962) - ’Comparative Miwokan-Mutsun With Notes
of Rumsen’ - the great number of datas squarely prove the similarities between
the reconstructed Proto-Miwokan and the Mutsun languages.Callagham has
reconstructed theProto-Utian basic language which is the basic of the Constanoan
and the Miwokan languages .
Callagham in 1988: Proto-Utian phonologyGolla 2007: Yok-Utian family , Yokuts + Utian (Miwokan and Costanoan ) .
The
classification of Callaghan in 2001:
UTIANA
(YOK-UTIAN) SUB - FAMILY
A)
MIWOKAN FAMILY
I. WESTERN BRANCH
+ 1. Coast Miwok
+ 2. Lake Miwok
II. EASTERN
BRANCH
3.Bay (Saklan)
Miwok
+ 4. Plains
Miwok
5. Northern
Sierra Miwok
6. Central
Sierra Miwok
7. Southern
Sierra Miwok
B) COSTANOAN FAMILY
I. KARKIN (CARQUIN) LANGUAGE
+ 1.Karquin
II. NORTHERN
BRANCH
2. S. Francisco
Bay
a. Ramaytush
+ b. Chochenyo
+ c. Tamien
(Tamyen)
+ 3. Chalon
III. SOUTHERN BRANCH
+ 4. Awaswas
5. Mutsun
6. Rumsen
COSTANOAN (OHLONE) FAMILY
The Costanoan
(Ohlone) linguistic
place is in the coast of Middle California from the San Francisco bay to the Monterey bay. The
first description of the Mutsun language
was made by Fellippe
Arroyo de la Cueste
in 1816.
The Ohlone word
is originally Miwokan and it means ’Westrian person’.
The Spanish name
of it is Costenos (people of the coast).
The American
settlers called them Costanoans.
Most of the
languages has been extincted till 1950. Some people still speak the Mutsun, the Chochenyo
and the Rumsen languages.
The Constanoan
population in 1770 is 20,000-22,000 people, in 1850 1,000 people and in 2000
1,500 people.
The
Proto-Constanoan till BC2000.The construction of the syllables of the Proto-Mutsun
language wasspokenwas CVC.The construction of the syllables of the Rumsen are CVC:VC
or CV:CVC .
or CV:CVC .
MIWOKAN FAMILY
The Miwokan
linguistic place is in Middle California in the bay of the River Sacramento,
and the River S. Joaquin, the Sierra Nevada Mountain, Marin Country, Contra
Costa Country andthe Clear Lake Basin. The two main linguistic groups of it are
the Western Miwokan and the Eastern Miwokan. The Spanish settlers has made
missions in the place of Costa and Lake Miwokan Indians in the19th century.The
population in 1800 was 22.000 people. Today it is 3,500 people. The Miwokan
languagesare almost extincted.Culture: hunting, fishing, collecting, basketwork.
In 2008 in the place of the
Miwokan Indians 5.000-year-old human remains were found .
It
archaelogically proves that the ancestors of the Miwokan Indians lived there
then.
The
Proto-Miwokan basic language was spoken till BC2.000.The construction of the
Southern Sierra Miwokan syllables is CVCV .
YOKUTSAN
(MARIPOSAN) FAMILY
The Yokutsan
linguistic place is in Middle California in the bay of the River S Joaquin.
This
language family
has got about 20 sub languages and 60 tribal languages.The yokutsan tribals
lived near rivers and lakes.
Culture:
hunting, fishing, collecting, basketwork and trade .
The population
in 1770 was 70.000 people. In 2000 2.500 people. Many languages hasextincted
and the living languages has almost extincted.The construction of the
Chukchansi Yokutsan syllables is CVor CVC .
The construction
of the Yavelmani syllables is CV(C), (CV), (CVC).
WINTUAN
(WINTUN) FAMILY
The Wintuan
linguistic place is in North California in the bay of the River Sacramento and
the Upper Trinity .
The name of the
language is originally a Winthuh word, it means ’person’.The Wintuan Language
is the best documented among the languages of the family language.The
relationship of the languages are similar to the relationship of the New Latin
languages in Europe .
Culture:
hunting, fishing, collecting, basketwork .
The population
is about 2500 people today. The languages have almost extincted.
The construction
of the syllables is CV(VC), CVC or CV.C .
Morphology:
Polysynthetical characters
The languages
are phonologically same.
Classification:
I.NORTHERN
WINTUN BRANCH
1. Wintu
2. Nomlaki
II. SOUTHERN WINTUN
BRANCH
3. Patwin
+4.South Patwin
MAIDUAN (MAIDUN) FAMILY
The Maiduan linguistic
place is in North California near the American River and the Feather
River and Northern Sierra Mountain .
The name ’Maidu’
means ’person’ and the origin of it is ’Maydy .They have lived
int here homeplace for 2.000 years.They live in a
hunting and collecting society. The Maiduan language has almost extincted. The
population is about 4,000 people.
The sound system
of the languages are the same, but the grammatic system is different.
The construction of the syllables is CV or CVC .
The construction of the syllables is CV or CVC .
Classification:
- Sierra Maidu
- Konkow ( N.W. Maidu )
- Nisenam
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| Patwin Maidu |
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| Sierra Miwok |
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| Maidu |
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| Miwok |
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| Wintu |
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